Dysphagia and Regurgitation Practice Test

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• Which of the following are common swallow therapy exercises used for oropharyngeal dysphagia?
• What is the typical management of a Schatzki ring?
• What is the primary mechanism by which fibrosis from radiation therapy leads to persistent dysphagia?
• Which phase is voluntary?
• Which swallowing disorder is characterized by difficult, painful swallowing, with localization based on the phase inhibited by disease?
• Which option targets improving esophageal transit by mobility?
• How does aging affect swallow timing and efficiency?
• In the esophageal phase, what stimulates the first peristaltic wave which moves the bolus into the cervical esophagus?
• What drives the pharyngeal phase?
• Which differential for regurgitation involves autonomic dysfunction as a neuromuscular factor?
• Which factors influence decision making between POEM and Heller myotomy?
• What may be required due to recurrence after dilation of benign distal esophageal strictures?
• Which condition listed is a salivary gland disorder that can present like an obstruction in the GI tract?
• Movement of the bolus through the thoracic esophagus forces what to open?
• Which salivary gland inflammation is listed as a differential for regurgitation?
• Which management strategy addresses patient comfort during regurgitation?
• How is distal esophageal motor disorder different from a mechanical obstruction in presentation?
• Which phase initiates a coordinated series of reflexes in the pharynx?
• What endoscopic appearance is typical for a Schatzki ring?
• After starting PPI therapy for GERD, which symptom pattern may persist due to nonacid reflux?
• Which of the following is a typical aging-related change in swallowing?
• Which nerves are primarily involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, with possible contributions from the accessory nerve?
• In regurgitation management, which goal is to reduce tissue irritation and inflammation?
• What endoscopic findings characterize a Schatzki ring?
• Which phase is primarily responsible for airway protection during swallowing?
• In the palliative management of malignant esophageal obstruction, which option provides rapid relief of obstruction and is commonly used as palliation?
• In Barrett's esophagus, what endoscopic finding is observed?
• In cricopharyngeal dysfunction, regurgitation occurs due to impairment of which structure?
• What is functional dysphagia and how is it managed?
• Which of the following are potential complications of chronic regurgitation?
• Which of the following is a GI disorder differential for regurgitation associated with acid reflux?
• Which radiographic views are recommended for evaluation of dysphagia/regurgitation?
• What diagnostic test is considered the gold standard for evaluating esophageal motility?
• Which therapy addresses esophageal hypomotility in a hypothyroid dog?
• Endoscopy indications include which of the following?
• Which of the following is NOT a compensatory swallowing strategy used to reduce aspiration risk?
• If an animal regurgitates undigested and digested food and can still prehend and swallow, where is the dysphagia localized?
• Which combination of strategies is recommended to reduce aspiration risk during meals for dysphagia?
• Which test is listed as an advance diagnostic for neuromuscular disease?
• In dogs, what portion of the esophagus is skeletal muscle?
• What is a common adverse effect after esophageal dilation?
• Which option represents a cranial nerve or brain-related differential for regurgitation/dysphagia?
• Which statement about 24-hour pH monitoring is true?
• To minimize pill-induced esophagitis, a patient should:
• IDDSI levels are used to categorize which of the following?
• Which imaging modality is considered an advance imaging for evaluating dysphagia and regurgitation?
• Which finding on a videofluoroscopic swallow study is commonly associated with oropharyngeal dysphagia?
• What is FEES and when is it preferred?
• The second peristaltic wave is initiated by what?
• How does GERD appear on endoscopy?
• Which intervention provides a direct method to ensure nutrition when swallowing safety is a concern?
• Which procedure targets the cricopharyngeus muscle to relieve Zenker's symptoms?
• Which symptom profile is most indicative of a structural lesion such as cancer in dysphagia?
• In malignant esophageal strictures, weight loss is commonly accompanied by which additional symptom?
• Which option lists the three swallowing phases in the standard order?
• Which statement describes a standard surgical option for Zenker's diverticulum that can be performed endoscopically?
• On a barium swallow, classic achalasia often shows which imaging appearance?
• In peptic reflux-related esophageal strictures, dilation is favored over medical therapy when there is a truly narrowed lumen causing symptomatic dysphagia.
• Which six clinical findings are unique to the cricopharyngeal-pharyngeal phase?
• Which diagnostic test demonstrates a bird-beak appearance in achalasia?
• What does the oral preparatory phase initiate?
• In a patient with dysphagia, which scenario is an indication for urgent endoscopy?
• If an animal is able to prehend food, takes multiple attempts to swallow without success, and formed a food bolus that was regurgitated, where is the dysphagia localized?
• In the pharyngeal/cricopharyngeal phase, the epiglottis is closed and breathing is inhibited.
• Impedance testing in reflux evaluation helps detect what in addition to acid reflux events?
• Which choice is aimed at reducing inflammation related to regurgitation?
• Why can cricopharyngeal dysfunction present with both dysphagia and regurgitation?
• What are the steps to performing a video fluoroscopic swallow study as described?
• What endoscopic finding is characteristic of peptic esophagitis?
• What clinical clue is most associated with oropharyngeal dysphagia rather than esophageal dysphagia?
• Zenker's diverticulum is a hypopharyngeal diverticulum above the upper esophageal sphincter that causes regurgitation of undigested food, foul breath, coughing, and obstructive symptoms.
• When is enteral feeding considered for dysphagia?
• Which signs are listed as part of the cricopharyngeal-pharyngeal phase?
• The oral preparatory phase involves what actions?
• Which of the following is a salivary gland inflammation that can be a differential for GI symptoms?
• Which imaging sign is classically associated with achalasia on a contrast study?
• What is the primary function of the Oral phase of swallowing?
• The lower esophageal tone prevents what?
• What is a Heller myotomy?
• Where is a Schatzki ring typically located?
• What histologic finding is typically observed in Barrett's esophagus?
• Which intervention uses gravitational forces to facilitate safe swallowing?
• Which of the following is an IDDSI texture level?
• What is a hallmark endoscopic feature of eosinophilic esophagitis?
• Which of the following structures is listed as an anatomical player for normal swallowing?
• Which option relates to adjusting the texture of food and drinks to accommodate dysphagia?
• Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) endoscopy is defined by reflux symptoms with what endoscopic finding?
• In the pharyngeal/cricopharyngeal phase, what happens?
• Name three common neurogenic causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia.
• What is the purpose of feeding tubes such as G-tubes in dysphagia management?
• In cancer-related dysphagia, which intervention can palliate obstruction?
• What is first-line medical therapy for GERD-related dysphagia?
• Which option is primarily about ensuring nutrition when swallowing function is compromised?
• Which conditions commonly cause regurgitation of undigested food?
• Which finding would most prompt urgent endoscopic evaluation in a patient with dysphagia?
• What are risk factors for aspiration pneumonia in dysphagia?
• Which statement best differentiates a peptic esophageal stricture from a Schatzki ring on endoscopy?
• What information does a videofluoroscopic swallow study provide?
• Which feature on a videofluoroscopic swallow study suggests oropharyngeal dysphagia?
• What test is commonly used after the initial assessment to further evaluate swallowing?
• During the esophageal phase, which nerve provides motor control contributions?
• What is the hallmark of achalasia on manometry?
• What is the typical approach for performing a Heller myotomy?
• Distal esophageal spasm (DES) is best characterized by which finding?
• Which statement best describes the role of nutrition in cancer-related dysphagia management?
• Which of the following is a red flag indicating urgent evaluation for potential malignancy in dysphagia?
• Which signs warrant endoscopy in suspected dysphagia?
• Which test directly measures esophageal pressure dynamics to diagnose motility disorders?
• What is FEES and what does it evaluate?
• Which option focuses on alleviating pain during regurgitation management?
• Which condition is an extra gastrointestinal obstruction differential for regurgitation that involves vascular anatomy?
• What is the typical symptom progression in malignant esophageal strictures?
• Why is impedance-pH testing useful in evaluating regurgitation?
• The two muscle groups that make up the upper esophageal sphincter are?
• What is presbyphagia and why does it matter in assessment?
• Which imaging modality is most useful to identify a pharyngoesophageal diverticulum in a patient with regurgitation of undigested food?
• Zenker's diverticulum is located at Killian's dehiscence, just above which structure?
• How many phases does swallowing have?
• POEM is indicated for achalasia and which other group of disorders?
• How can radiation therapy for head and neck cancer contribute to dysphagia?
• Which should be part of the minimum database during initial evaluation?
• What is the role of swallow therapy in post-stroke dysphagia?
• Which test detects acetylcholine receptor antibodies?
• Which of the following is a protective reflex involved in swallowing?
• Which of the following is a neuromuscular disorder that can cause dysphagia?
• Which statement best distinguishes GERD-related regurgitation from regurgitation due to a pharyngoesophageal diverticulum on history?
• In scleroderma, how is esophageal function typically affected?
• What features suggest a pharyngoesophageal diverticulum rather than a stricturing lesion?
• How is the tongue movement described in the oral preparatory phase?
• Which phase is defined by peristaltic transport of the bolus through the esophagus with relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter?
• Regurgitation of undigested food is most characteristic of which condition?
• If there is incomplete symptom relief on PPI therapy, which may be contributing factor?
• What is the major complication that can arise from dysphagia and regurgitation?
• What primarily triggers peristaltic waves in the esophagus?
• A Schatzki ring is typically located where?
• What is the purpose of impedance testing in esophageal reflux evaluation?
• Which of the following is NOT a swallow rehabilitation exercise commonly taught for pharyngeal weakness?
• Which symptom is most characteristic of Zenker's diverticulum?
• Which manometric finding is typical of achalasia?
• What is regurgitation and how does it differ from heartburn?
• Which structure opens as the bolus traverses the thoracic esophagus?
• Which statement best describes the typical presentation of Zenker's diverticulum?
• Lip licking is a sign most closely associated with which swallowing phase?
• Why is a multidisciplinary approach important in dysphagia management?
• Define regurgitation and how it differs from vomiting.
• What is Schatzki ring and how does it present?
• Palliative approaches for malignant esophageal obstruction include which of the following?
• What is the clinical significance of regurgitation in achalasia?
• Which condition is a vascular ring anomaly listed as a differential for regurgitation?
• The reflexes in the pharyngeal phase are involuntary.
• Which statement best describes the phases of swallowing?
• Differentiating GERD-related regurgitation from achalasia-related regurgitation.
• Which biopsy helps diagnose eosinophilic esophagitis?
• Differentiate bougie dilation from balloon dilation for esophageal strictures.
• What is the role of prokinetic agents in dysphagia management?
• What is eosinophilic esophagitis typically treated with?
• If an animal has difficulty prehending food, creating a food bolus, and forming a food bolus that falls from the mouth, where is the dysphagia localized?
• Esophageal muscle variability across species is true.
• Neck extension during swallowing is a sign associated with which phase?
• Which method is most directly aimed at shielding the esophagus lining during regurgitation?
• Thickened liquids role in managing oropharyngeal dysphagia is to?
• Which condition is a esophageal diverticula differential for regurgitation?
• In chronic dysphagia, nutrition support aims to?
• Cricopharyngeal myotomy is indicated in which situation?
• Which therapy is used for an esophageal stricture detected on diagnostic testing?
• Which action is intended to protect the esophageal mucosa during regurgitation?
• Which endoscopic finding may accompany eosinophilic esophagitis?
• What are common initial management steps for suspected cricopharyngeal dysfunction?
• What does post-swallow residue indicate on a swallow study?
• Which factor best informs the choice between POEM and Heller myotomy?
• During the esophageal phase, motor control has contributions from which nerve and which plexus?
• Which of the following options lists etiologies of pediatric dysphagia distinct from adults?
• Which test is used to evaluate esophageal motility abnormalities such as DES or achalasia?
• What red flag signs require urgent evaluation in a patient with dysphagia?
• Which condition is defined by failure of the cricopharyngeal sphincter to relax?
• Continued dilation and pressure caused by the movement of the bolus stimulates the second peristaltic wave.
• There are species variability of esophageal muscle.
• Which strategy is a recommended component of supportive treatment and nutritional management for dysphagia and regurgitation?
• Which combination of signs would suggest a structural lesion such as cancer as the cause of dysphagia?
• For video fluoroscopic swallow study, what are the prep steps as described?
• Which imaging modality is commonly used to evaluate swallowing function and is listed among advance imaging tools for dysphagia?
• Which PRO is associated with esophagram with fluoroscopy?
• Which test best assesses acid exposure over 24 hours?
• What is a typical first-line assessment when dysphagia is suspected?
• Which swallowing disorder is defined as a passive expulsion of food or fluid and is localized based on the cause of esophageal abnormality?
• The esophagus is divided into three sections: cervical, thoracic, and small abdominal portion.
• In cats, what portion of the esophagus is skeletal muscle?
• On manometry, what distinguishes achalasia from distal esophageal spasm?
• Which signs are associated with the Esophageal/Gastroesophageal phase?
• Which structure is included among the anatomical players and connects to the stomach?
• What is the typical treatment for Zenker's diverticulum?
• Which approach might be used to address delayed esophageal transit in regurgitation care?
• How are benign distal esophageal strictures typically treated?
• How can dysphagia affect quality of life and social activities?
• In history taking, which finding most strongly differentiates oropharyngeal dysphagia from esophageal dysphagia?
• The first peristaltic wave moves the bolus into which segment?
• In eosinophilic esophagitis, what does monitoring response with repeat endoscopy help determine?
• Which statement about endoscopy is true?
• Which technique uses gravity to assist swallowing in regurgitation management?
• Which of the following postural or behavioral adjustments is commonly used to reduce aspiration risk during meals in patients with dysphagia?
• Which therapy addresses removal of a foreign body from the esophagus?
• What surgical options are used for GERD with refractory regurgitation?
• What is a common treatment option for refractory cricopharyngeal dysfunction?
• Name two esophageal motor disorders that can cause dysphagia.
• Which of the following best describes a standard approach to Zenker's diverticulum management?
• Describe diffuse esophageal spasm on manometry.
• What is the role of feeding tube support in malignant esophageal obstruction?
• Name a common compensatory maneuver to reduce penetration during swallowing.
• What is POEM and what condition is it used for?
• Which statement best describes endoscopic findings in candidal esophagitis?
• What is a Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study (VFSS) and what information does it provide?
• In candidal esophagitis, which symptom is particularly common?
• Which item is listed as an idiopathic neuromuscular differential for gastrointestinal pain?
• The esophageal phase is voluntary or involuntary?
• What is the management approach for dysphagia due to esophageal cancer?
• What is the purpose of pH impedance testing in reflux evaluation?
• Which is a common CON of esophagram with fluoroscopy?
• Which phase follows the oral preparatory phase in the sequence of swallowing?
• What best describes oropharyngeal dysphagia?
• In eosinophilic esophagitis, a positive endoscopic biopsy confirms eosinophilic infiltration and supports which type of treatment?
• Which option describes modifying the texture of foods and drinks to aid swallowing?
• Which of the following is a congenital anomaly among pediatric dysphagia etiologies?
• How does PPI therapy influence regurgitation in GERD?
• The Mendelsohn maneuver is a swallowing exercise that:
• What is the primary reason for using enteral feeding via nasogastric tube or PEG in chronic dysphagia?
• Which of the following is an indication for video fluoroscopic swallow study: Esophageal dilation, evaluation of esophageal motility, or gastroesophageal reflux?
• Passive regurgitation refers to what phenomenon?
• What are two unique clinical findings of the Oral preparatory phase?
• What does the 'bird beak' sign on a barium swallow indicate?
• A Schatzki ring typically presents with which pattern of symptoms?
• How do oropharyngeal and esophageal dysphagia typically differ in patient-reported timing and sensation?
• Which phase of swallowing is voluntary?
• Which endoscopic finding would indicate a Schatzki ring as the cause of dysphagia?
• What is Zenker's diverticulum and where is it located?
• What is the effect of a Toupet fundoplication in GERD management?
• Where is a Schatzki ring typically located?
• Bloating and flatulence are signs of which swallowing phase?